Relation Between Language Power And Dehumanization English Literature Essay

Relation Between Language Power And Dehumanization English Literature Essay There are implications of limited health care, as Winstons varicose ulcer on his right ankle remains treated throughout. Meanwhile Winston talks of the cheap quality of the vicory cigarettes, the only cigarettes available. The fact that the only attainable alcohol,is gin, and the inclusion of food rationing, also resembles an air of restriction, through a dehumanizing lack of variety. Language plays a vital part in this process of repression, as it is language, through propaganda that enforces it. For example, the telescreen uses manipulative language, to subliminally brainwash people during the two minutes hate. Though the false representation of Goldstein and his rapid polysyllabic speech, as he delivers his usual venemous attack upon the doctrines of the Party an attack so exaggerated and perverse that a child should have been able to see through it, and yet just plausible enough to fill one with an alarmed feeling. (ch1) The party uses hateful language to manipulate them into a frenzy, to a point where they advocate against Goldsteins promotion of feedom of speech, freedom of the Press, freedom of assembly, freedom of thought. To enforce this manipulative repression, further restriction shows that it is illegal for the telescreen to be switched off, even inner party members are only allowed to switch it off for half an hour at a time. Therefore manipulative l anguage empowers Big Brother, so that he can dehumanize the non-proles of Oceana. The telescreen is also used as a tool for repression through recording peoples spoken language and monitoring their lingual thoughts. Winston notes, It was terribly dangerous to let your thoughts wander when you were in any public place or within range of a telescreen through the fear of commiting face crime, if an unfavourable expression appeared on a persons face, whilst in front of the telescreen. This is an example of how language itself is repressed, for the benefit of the party. With no freedom of expression, and a sense of paranoia surrounding the use of language, Big Brother is not under threat. The giant big brother is watching you, posters, plastered throughout Oceana, enforce this empowerment through paranoia, that the government holds over Oceana. The monitoring of language, propaganda posters, and telescreens prevents revolution, and therefore language becomes repressed as a result. Along with the fear of commiting crimes through spoken language, there is fear surrounding freedom of language in thought. The thought police, remain a terrifying organization for the residents of Oceana, with the danger of torture and imprisonment if their language, through their thoughts, consist of an anti-party stance. The fact that they watched everybody all the time, installs a sense of paranoia, that makes people mentally restrict their freedom of language, and vocabulary, in order to avoid being targeted by the thought police. To help society keep repressed, and to discourage against the free use of language, there is the invention of Newspeak. As the official language of Oceana, it concentrates upon a narrowing vocabulary, eliminating words concerning freedom and rebellion. As Syme muses Dont you see that the whole aim of Newspeak is to narrow the range of thought?, this directly relates to power. The minimising of language vocabulary, maximises power, with the hope that if one cannot describe freedom, and rebelling against the party, then they prevent themselves from wanting it, or thinking about it. As part of Newspeak, we are introduced to the notion of Doublethink, a process of holding two contradictory beliefs in ones mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them. (ch3) This method is a manipulative way of confusing a persons perception of concepts such as freedom. The party uses this to their advantage as part of their slogan, freedom is slavery. This subliminal brainwashing through contradictive similes confuses the inhabitants into thinking that the opposites are true. The method of doublethink, is used not only in the partys slogans but is used as a tool to boost ignorance, and as a result weakens the chance of big brother getting overthrown. For example, through reporting false events such as how Oceana had always been war with Eastasia, boosts patriotism, whilst forcing inhabitants into ignorance. Through the restriction of truth in language, and spreading of false information, Oceanas inhabitants are dehumanized. This solidifies the parties power as noone challenges these false reports, as they believe that ignorance is truth. Although Winston is part of the party himself, he is still repressed by them. The ironic ministry of truth where he works, is representative of a tolertarian power gone mad. Again, language through lies is used to test and push the ignorance of the people. Winston notes how he has to destroy parts of the past, to the point that history is changed in a continuous process of alteration(ch4). Meanwhile the simple fiddling of statistics, such as the covering up of chocolate ration decreasing from 30 grams to 20 grams, shows how powerful the manipulative newspeak and doublethink is. Winston notes there were demonstrations to thank Big Brother for raising the chocolate ration to twenty grams a week. only yesterday, he reflected, it had been announced that the ration was to be reduced to twenty grams a week. Was it possible that they could swallow that, after only twenty-four hours? Yes, they swallowed it. The ministry of plenty, alas, controlled shortages. Even though people are getting less food and supplies than ever, Winston becomes part of the lingual manipulation process which makes them thank big brother for what they have. As general perceptions are warped by the party through language, so is the act of love. Initial paranoia, which evolves into anger and an urge to seek out anyone who is against the party, is inflicted upon the children of Oceana from an early age. Through this they are dehumanized, as they become incapable of loving their parents and are more than willing, to turn against them, as junior spies. An example of this is when we see Parsons turned in to the party by his children. Through the language, of the sternly named anti sex league, the party uses its power to enforce sexual repression and channel it into anger against the parties enemies. Through anti-sex language propaganda, the party gains power, yet dehumanizes humans, preventing them from a natural activity. This repression of sex even warps the resistant mind of Winston, as he says to Julia, the more men she has been with, the more that he loves her. Here, even though rebellion against the party, his idea of love is ruined. Literature itself is restricted, in fear that its language will promote revolutionary thoughts. One man leaves the word God, in a translation of a Rudyard Kipling poem, and is put in prison as a result, which shows the tension of how restriction of language is essential to power. Along with food, sex, alcohol and cigarettes, literature is seen as a threat. The fact that Winston wakes up from a dream with Shakeapeare on his lips, emphasises this restriction, as he expresses his yearning for culture and literature. The restriction of books is noted in 1984, as we see that no one is reading. Syme note that by 2050, Chaucer, Shakespeare, Milton, Byron theyll exist only in Newspeak versions, not merely changed into something different, but actually changed into something contradictory of what they used to be, establishing the parties aim to destroy and manipulate language in literature for their own needs. The fact that Winston feels extremely guilty, when he writes in a diary (writing is not permitted), and even worse, writing words against the party, which makes him contemplate suicide, shows the power the party has over him. This shows how the restriction of language, through taking away the freedom to write, is dehumanizing, as it prevents the expression of feeling. Conc The only people free from the party are the proles. They are the only residents who have free expression of words, however, they are also dehumanized themselves, through their lack of civilisation and power. Part 2 Whilst language is changed due to a totalitarian element concerning dehumanization in 1984, the language in Naipuls one out of many, represents the struggle between power and dehumanization, under the context of class and social hierarchy. I am going to explore these links through observing the dialogue and attitude of the characters in the text, alongside the tone of the narrator. There is a notable link that language has with power, when it comes to social hierarchy. Someone could become dehumanized, the further they move down the social ladder. The language exchanged between the narrator, Santosh, and the characters in the extract is indicative of this. Santosh speaks of how he relied on the importance of his employer, Sahib, for his own respect and security, and their relationship begins at a seemingly equal level. Sahib warns Santosh that Washington is not Bombay, and that he should be aware of the exchange rate between rupee and dollar. However as soon as they arrive in Washington, the social gap between both the characters widens. Sahib first speaks down to Santosh, saying he is only a domestic, and in front of the officials, he pretends to be horrified at Santoshs natural behaviour on the plane, I cannot understand why your behaviour has already gone so much out of character. Through talking down to Santosh, Sahib commands social power and begins to deh umanize him in front of other people, in order to command respect. When it comes to money, Sahib manipulates Santosh through choosing his words carefully in offering him a raise. The ignorant Sahib, thinks that the raise, and fortnights pay in advance, is more than generous, and like the inhabitants of Oceana over the chocolate ration, is manipulated into being thankful for this. When santosh realises the money isnt enough to live off, he wants to leave. However Sahib uses strong language to threaten him if I send you back now, you will have to work for six or seven years without salary to pay me back. In this way Sahib gains power. Santosh observes that his freedom has been taken away, I understood. I was a prisoner, as he realises the context of the verbal threat dehumanizes him, and makes him almost a slave to Sahib. Of course, Sahib feels himself, dehumanized in the extract, by the Americans. When Santosh has to sleep in a cupboard, he feels that he shouldnt be treated that way and takes it personally, assuming that the government had assigned Santosh this room, just because they are Indian. A paranoid Sahib claims some enemy in the government has done this to me, they think that we all live in cupboards in Bombay. Sahib also feels dehumanized when one of his guests comments how he brought back an ancient stone head from India, tipping the tour guide to keep quiet. Offensively, the guest says, if I had a bottle of whisky he would have pulled down the whole temple for me. Santosh finds comfort in language through talking as says he told stories and smoked, with his friends in Bombay. The tailor warns Santosh that Americans wont wont sit and talk with you in the evenings, which is true, as he becomes a recluse when he moves to Washington, staying in the apartment and watching t.v. This removal of social interaction through language dehumanizes Santosh as racial and foreign language barriers encourage this. To further this isolation, Santosh is talked down to by a number of people, from the flight attendant who spoke roughly to him, to the woman in the cafà © cant you read? We dont serve hippies or bare feet here. The Hubshi girl teaches Santosh English me black and beautiful then calls policeman a pig, using Santoshs naivity to make an impression on him through power of language. Powering him to have prejudices against the police and dehumanize them. Interestingly we see that the power of language and manipulates Santosh into becoming vain. At the beginning, despite being look own upon by the air hostess, he didnt care what the girl said or did, after a series of incidents where people use language to make him inferior, he begins to dress better and became choked with shame at his old ways. The snobbish language made him now wear shoes. The television, in a vaguely similar fashion to the telescreens in 1984, has used language and imagery to manipulate him into how to behave in society. He notes I became obsessed with my appearance and began comparing himself with actors on t.v. Interestingly, during Santoshs predicament, concerning how to get his green card, he commits the most dehumnizing act in the whole extract. Through the green card he gains power, however to gain this power he has to use language to falsely tell the Hubshi girl that he likes her and wants to marry her. This is not only dehumanizing for him, having to marry and live with a woman he doesnt like, but dehumanizing for her, as he does not love her. But then talks down I dont see how you will manage in Washington foreign exchange santosh! Foreign exchange! Boss again speaks down to him when he says in front of the officials Threat- you dont only represent your country, you represent me Officials-does he always travel with his condiments- not talking to him directly- conveys an air of dehumanization. Santosh looks down on the hubshi at first- language is snobby, and dehumaizes them in our country we frankly do not care for the hubshi but then uses language to feel emphathy for them even in the mornings the men were drunk Santosh they can just look at me and see I am dirt Sahibs guests are offensive if I had a bottle of whisky he would have pulled down the whole temple for me- dehumanizing Indians. they are malicious people. Power of hubshi- burning city down Priyas attitude if you cant beat them, join them. I joined them. They are still beating me When moves in with priya I felt I was earning my freedom Power of green card- immigrants they were always about to get green cards, or they had been cheated out of green cards Priya and santhosh equal the American way, man to man I was good looking; I had lost my looks. I was a free man; I had lost my freedom Power of haggling- language- I couldnt stay on for less than a hundred and twenty five- santosh now has power. I have made some corrections in the second bit, but gave up because there are so many little ones, such as grammar and spelling. Also overuse of the name Santosh, the word dehumanizing and a tendency to repeat. However it really just needs tidying up a bit and making a bit more coherent as in the first half. If you wrote the first half, completely, yourself, I would say it was one of the best pieces you have written. I asked if you had written it, because I was shocked that there were hardly any mistakes in it and it appeared balanced and coherent.

Influenza Viruses Essay -- Diseases, Birds

Influenza viruses existing in birds continue to be a source for a diverse combination of antigenic subtypes including 16 hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 neuraminidase (NA) and represent a large reservoir of novel antigens to which the human population is naà ¯ve [1,2](1)) (Seasonal influenza epidemics are a major public health concern, accounting for five million severe cases worldwide [1](4))(Annually, influenza types A cause human outbreaks responsible for substantial mortality and morbidity, particularly in high risk groups, such as infants, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.(5)).(3)) (The influenza virus is one of the most devastating viral diseases due to being highly contagious which easily spreads as an aerosol and causes acute viral respiratory disease and mortality to susceptible groups. In order to prevent the spread of seasonal or pandemic outbreaks of influenza, vaccination is a powerful and cost-effective means [1](15)) (Protection against influenza virus is primarily mediated by antibodies to the viral hemagglutinin (HA) [2,3]) ,HA is the major surface glycoprotein of the virion and responsible for the attachment and penetration of viral particles into cells during the initial stages of infection.((5)((8)) (Successful prophylactic influenza vaccines elicit efficient HA-specific systemic antibody, which can bind the virus and inhibit early events in the influenza virus infection.(6)) Different types of influenza vaccines such as subunit [7-10], attenuated [11,12], and inactivated influenza vaccines[14] are available although the inactivated ones are the most widely used in the commercial scale [6]. ((12) (the major substrate for the preparation of inactivated influenza vaccines is embryonated chicken’s egg .((1) (In c... ... the P1 baculovirus stock In Sf-900 III Medium was Prepared, as appropriate. To do this, sequentially 0.25 ml of the baculovirus stock was diluted in 2.25 ml of Sf-900 medium. The dilutions 10–4 to10–8 were used in our assay. The medium from each well removed, immediately replace with 1 ml of the appropriate virus dilution and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. Plaquing medium containing 12.5 ml 4% Low Melting Agarose and 37.5 ml Sf-900III was prepared and incubated at 40ËšC water bath until use. Following the 1 hour incubation, the medium containing virus from the wells removed and replaced with 2 ml of plaquing medium. Allowed agarose overlay at room temperature until to harden. The plates incubated at a 27ËšC humidied incubator for 7–10 days. To improve the visualization of plaques, the plates were stained by 0.5 ml Neutral Red solution (1 mg/ml). (21) Influenza Viruses Essay -- Diseases, Birds Influenza viruses existing in birds continue to be a source for a diverse combination of antigenic subtypes including 16 hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 neuraminidase (NA) and represent a large reservoir of novel antigens to which the human population is naà ¯ve [1,2](1)) (Seasonal influenza epidemics are a major public health concern, accounting for five million severe cases worldwide [1](4))(Annually, influenza types A cause human outbreaks responsible for substantial mortality and morbidity, particularly in high risk groups, such as infants, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.(5)).(3)) (The influenza virus is one of the most devastating viral diseases due to being highly contagious which easily spreads as an aerosol and causes acute viral respiratory disease and mortality to susceptible groups. In order to prevent the spread of seasonal or pandemic outbreaks of influenza, vaccination is a powerful and cost-effective means [1](15)) (Protection against influenza virus is primarily mediated by antibodies to the viral hemagglutinin (HA) [2,3]) ,HA is the major surface glycoprotein of the virion and responsible for the attachment and penetration of viral particles into cells during the initial stages of infection.((5)((8)) (Successful prophylactic influenza vaccines elicit efficient HA-specific systemic antibody, which can bind the virus and inhibit early events in the influenza virus infection.(6)) Different types of influenza vaccines such as subunit [7-10], attenuated [11,12], and inactivated influenza vaccines[14] are available although the inactivated ones are the most widely used in the commercial scale [6]. ((12) (the major substrate for the preparation of inactivated influenza vaccines is embryonated chicken’s egg .((1) (In c... ... the P1 baculovirus stock In Sf-900 III Medium was Prepared, as appropriate. To do this, sequentially 0.25 ml of the baculovirus stock was diluted in 2.25 ml of Sf-900 medium. The dilutions 10–4 to10–8 were used in our assay. The medium from each well removed, immediately replace with 1 ml of the appropriate virus dilution and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. Plaquing medium containing 12.5 ml 4% Low Melting Agarose and 37.5 ml Sf-900III was prepared and incubated at 40ËšC water bath until use. Following the 1 hour incubation, the medium containing virus from the wells removed and replaced with 2 ml of plaquing medium. Allowed agarose overlay at room temperature until to harden. The plates incubated at a 27ËšC humidied incubator for 7–10 days. To improve the visualization of plaques, the plates were stained by 0.5 ml Neutral Red solution (1 mg/ml). (21)

Nutrition and Carbohydrates Essay

In today’s society everyone is looking for the next best thing, there are all kinds of fad diets out there that are consistently making outrageous promises to consumers. The latest in the fad diet trend is the â€Å"Low Carbohydrate/High Protein† diet. To break it down simply  proteins are needed to help the body to grow and repair while carbohydrates provide energy. Both are needed in order for a person to remain healthy, which is why fad diets that promote one over the other are harmful to our bodies. Fad diets such as the â€Å"low carb/high protein† diet tend to have one thing in common. They promote the exaggerated benefits of their program and show unrealistic results all while telling the consumer that their diet is the best, the safest, or the most natural diet available. What they fail to make known are the potential health problems that going on crash or fad diets can cause. Fad diets such as the â€Å"low carb/high protein diet† all have well documented risks that should not be overlooked when doing research on weight loss. Are low carb/high protein diets and the rapid weight loss they promise worth the potential harm we could be doing to our bodies in the long run? On a daily basis we decide what we are going to put into our bodies with the knowledge that what we choose to eat affects the body in different ways. Carbohydrates are one of the crucial macronutrients that perform an essential role in fueling the human body. They provide the body with energy and in order for the body to use carbohydrates for energy food must undergo digestion, absorption, and glycolysis. It is recommended that 55 to 60 percent of our caloric intake come from carbohydrates. It is important to keep in mind that there are different types of Carbohydrates. There are good and there are also bad carbohydrates and it is up to us to choose which ones to digest as part of a healthy diet. Eating a healthy diet would ideally include Carbohydrates but it is possible for the body to exist without them. Certain diet programs suggest cutting out Carbohydrates all together in order to lose weight. It is up to the consumer to decide to include Carbs in their diet or accept the potential risks of cutting them out completely. There are simple Carbohydrates which are most commonly referred to as blood sugar are found in sugared sodas, pastries, and high processed foods. Then there are complex Carbs which are composed of starch, glycogen, and dietary fiber. These types of Carbs are commonly found in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. The starch represents the digestible carbohydrate that gets broken down in order to release sugar into the bloodstream to produce energy. Glycogen is similar to starch but, the primary storage site in the human body is the liver and the muscles. Proteins are equally as important as Carbohydrates and play a critical role in keeping the body healthy. There are many health benefits that come from including protein in your diet. The body needs to ingest enough protein to help with tissue repair if you sustain an injury. Proteins help the body to fight off illness and disease and also keep the immune system functioning properly. Our bodies can produce almost every amino acid needed to remain healthy but there are nine amino acids that our bodies cannot produce. Therefore we must obtain these nine amino acids by keeping a balanced diet that is high in protein. Though they are becoming more and more popular, â€Å"High Protein, Low Carbohydrate Diets† have their pros and cons. When protein levels become escalated due to high amounts of saturated fats such as those found in animal products, problems may occur. These problems could eventually lead to heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and several types of cancer. Restricting Carbohydrates from your diet is essentially cutting off the fuel from your brain, heart, and other organs thus depriving the body of what it needs to function. Diets that advocate cutting Carbohydrates count on the fact that your body will go into a different metabolic state called ketosis, in order to lose weight. When the body is in Ketosis it begins to pull energy from the carbon fragments that the breakdown of fat creates. The beginning stages of ketosis can be recognized easily as the consumer begins to feel less hungry and the weight starts to come off rapidly. Though this seems like an optimal outcome, restricting Carbohydrates could lead to health problems such as kidney failure or kidney stones. The issues associated with protein packed diets are that often times once the consumer decides to stop the diet, the weight they lost is rapidly regained, leading to a potentially dangerous cycle of â€Å"yo-yo dieting. † Diets such as these can place you at risk for certain deficiencies. Sometimes too little or too much of something may result in poor health which is why balance is so important. Eating a low carbohydrate diet has adverse side effects such as headaches, bad breath, constipation, muscle weakness, and feelings of fatigue. The effects of not having of not having complex carbohydrates result from restricting plant based foods, which are in phytochemicals and antioxidants and these chemicals offer protection against diseases. The healthy solution is choosing fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and beans as your carbohydrate source since these contain vitamins, nutrients, and fiber that our bodies need. Consuming high protein diets consisting of red meats or other high fat food are linked to high cholesterol. The benefits of a healthy and balanced diet should include high energy levels, internal organs working properly, and overall physical and mental good health. With the United States being at the forefront of the obesity epidemic, many have turned to fad diets as a solution, without concern for the potential risks. Comparatively to living a natural and holistic lifestyle, dieting has been proven to be ineffective and detrimental in the long run. Throughout history diets have been proven to be unreliable and at times unsafe, which is why it is so important to understand that having a healthy well-balanced diet is the key to weight management and overall good health.

`` On Teenagers And Tattoos `` By Andres Martin Essay

Teenagers are rebellious by nature, as adolescence adventures down the road of self-identity. Teens are often viewed as the miscreants or vandals that plague the streets with their toxicity and obscene tendencies, and although aggravating, proves vital for increased maturity in future endeavors. However, teens can make decisions that last a lifetime, for example, tattoos. Tattoos are fairly controversial at younger ages, but are growing more and more popular amongst adolescents with the introduction and glorification of such body art by varying media, such as celebrities. Teenagers are exploring the realm of body modifications at ever increasing rate, but contradictory to common opinion, tattoos are a great candidate for an emotional catalyst, source of stability in a time of need, or reminders of time long far gone. â€Å"On Teenagers and Tattoos† is an informational article, written by Andres Martin, which discusses the reasons and psychology behind the rising popularity of tattoos amongst adolescents. Martin (2000) starts by identifying the simple reason of causation concerning the spike, stating that â€Å"tattoos and piercing can offer a concrete and readily available solution for many of the identity crises and conflicts normative to adolescent development† (p.143). Martin then details the strenuous nature of adolescence, and shows that tattoos have more of a symbolic meaning than just a skull, and provides 2 examples of such cases. Afterward, Martin explains in further detail,Show MoreRelatedDefinition Essay on the Term Identity1154 Words   |  5 Pagesdirectly involved with the meaning of a person’s identity. There are specific and important factors such as: social class, culture, family and society. In essays such as, â€Å"Some Lessons from the Assembly Line† by Andrew Braaksma, â€Å"On Teens amp; Tattoos† by Andres Martin and â€Å"Stuff is not Salvation† by Anna Quindlen each tell stories of identity. The authors, if asked, could define identity as a number of external factors that under given circumstances would shape a person’s character and identity. The authorsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesGroups 58 †¢ Effective Diversity Programs 58 Summary and Implications for Managers 60 S A L Self-Assessment Library What’s My Attitude Toward Older People? 40 Myth or Science? â€Å"Dual-Career Couples Divorce Less† 47 An Ethical Choice Religious Tattoos 51 glOBalization! Images of Diversity from Around the Globe 54 Point/Counterpoint Men Have More Mathematical Ability Than Women 61 Questions for Review 62 Experiential Exercise Feeling Excluded 62 Ethical Dilemma Board Quotas 62 Case Incident 1 The